Background and Objectives: The socioeconomic factors affecting health include various VARIABLES that are not clearly and consistently classified in the studies. This study aimed to identify and classify the main socioeconomic VARIABLES affecting household health. Methods: This applied study was conducted with a quantitative approach and a systematic review method in 2019. A systematic review of the studies with PRISMA protocol was used to search and identify the main socioeconomic VARIABLES affecting household health in international and national scientific databases. The inclusion criteria included focusing on socioeconomic VARIABLES affecting health at the household level, providing a specific model for influencing socioeconomic VARIABLES on health, publishing in English or Persian, and accessing the full text of the study. The qualitative evaluation of the studies as well as their conformity with the inclusion and exclusion criteria, were performed by peer review. All socioeconomic VARIABLES were extracted in researcher-made form, classified using MAXQDA 2018 software and finally synthesized narratively. Results: Twenty-one conceptual models were identified to influence socioeconomic factors on household health. Researchers and international organizations provided all models, and no native models were found in Persian regarding socioeconomic factors affecting household health. Content analysis of the studies showed that the three main VARIABLES of education, income and employment in all models (100%) were used as socioeconomic factors affecting health. After that, household health behaviors (81%), age (71%), family support (71%), housing area per capita (67%), place of residence (67%), social capital (62%) and gender (57%) were the most commonly used socioeconomic VARIABLES affecting household health respectively. Conclusion: In addition to vital socioeconomic VARIABLES (education, income, and employment), other contextual VARIABLES such as household health behaviors, family support, per capita housing area, and social capital need to be considered for policy interventions. In addition, it is suggested that a native model of socioeconomic factors affecting health be designed for Iranian households' socioeconomic conditions.

In this study, the effect of socioeconomic VARIABLES on provincial bread demand using the QUAIDS model has been investigated. In this model, socioeconomic VARIABLES such as age, gender and marital status of the head of household, the education level of the head of household and spouse’ s head of household, household size, and occupation status of the head household have been used. The virtual variable of the target law of subsidies is also used to study the effects of this policy. To this end, the quadratic almost ideal demand system was applied. This model has been estimated using the consolidated data and Iterated Linear Least Squares Estimator and the information of more than 165, 000 urban households in Iran for the years 1386-1394 and for different provinces. The results of the research show that during the studied years, bread is an essential good for all provinces except in Isfahan, Chaharmahal o Bakhtyari, and Kohgilouye. The compensated and uncompensated price elasticities of bread for all provinces are negative and less than one, so the bread is an inelastic good for all provinces. Also, the coefficients related to household size, gender, and marital status of the head of household and the target law of subsidies are positive and significant.

ABSTRACTDuring the last century, ports of Persian Gulf become the most important storage, refining and transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, the impact of port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. The purpose of this research is to identify the key VARIABLES affecting the relations and spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as the most thriving and successful port-city in the Persian Gulf. This research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). sampling method is based on purposive sampling and Micmac software was used to analyze the data. Output of Micmac software shows the position of the instability of the system. Therefore, the position of each VARIABLES in the conceptual model can be categorized to driver, linkage, dependent, and autonomous factors. The research findings indicate 4 VARIABLES (like as “income, cost and investmnets in port-city”) can be introduced as a driver factor, 5 VARIABLES (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in the port”) can be introduced as a linkage factor, 6 VARIABLES (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) can be introduced as a dependent factor, 3 VARIABLES (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port”) can be introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourismExtended AbstractIntroductionDuring the last century, ports of Persian Gulf become the most important storage, refining and transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. The global increase in oil demand since the 1950s led to the creation of discovery of new oil wells and large industrial areas. With the construction of new oil or gas facilities in the port areas, increasing oil revenues contributed to the countries of the Persian Gulf region and form a new geographical relationship between ports and coastal cities which had an impact on the spatial structure and relation of them. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, the impact of port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. In the 1950s, Containerization (container loading technology) was based in some of the world's ports and created a huge transformation in the shipping industry, which had a significant impact on the development of ports. Although the ports of the Persian Gulf have made a significant contribution to the economic growth and physical development of other ports in the world, but few researches have been done on the VARIABLES and factors affecting the development of the spatial structure of the important ports of the Persian Gulf. This region, due to its unique geographical location, has always been considered as a most important corridor in the field of economic and transportation throughout history. Some of the most important energy and commercial ports in this region are: Dubai, Manama, Kuwait, Dammam, Doha, Bushehr, Bandar-Abbas and Assaluyeh. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to identify the key VARIABLES affecting the relations and spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as the most thriving and successful port-city in the Persian Gulf. MethodologyThis research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). The method used in this research is quantitative and the sampling method is based on purposive sampling. the VARIABLES affecting the spatial structure of port-city relations were identified in the form of a review of 31 prominent articles. 25 experts (who had comprehensive knowledge and information about the development process of the city-port of Dubai) participated to determine the effectiveness or influence of VARIABLES. Finally, the output of data analysis was done by the Micmac software. Results and discussionOutput of Micmac software shows the position of the VARIABLES in the diagram that it indicates their status in the system and their role in the dynamics and changes of the system. The method of distribution and dispersion of the VARIABLES in the spatial structure of port-city relations indicates the instability of the system. Therefore, based on the output of the system, the position of each VARIABLES in the conceptual model can be identified in five categories (driver, linkage, dependent, autonomous and regulatory VARIABLES). According to the results, some VARIABLES such as “the changes in the strategic positions” and “geopolitics of port-city”, “the modification of the management method” and “regional planning of the ports”, “the promotion of local governance in the relations between port-city” and “the way of national and international management of ports have been introduced as driver VARIABLES. On the other hand, five VARIABLES consist of “advanced multimodal transportation in the port” and “income, cost and investment in the port-city”, “the contrast and physical integration of the port - city space”, “the development of various industrial and production activities in the ports and their local hinterland” and “their qualities Financial and commercial policies of ports” have been introduced as linkage VARIABLES. Findings of research also shows that some VARIABLES consist of “quality of living environment and desirable city”, “quantity and quality of transit corridors (rail, road and air) to hinterland”, “construction and launching the new port (sea port or dry port)”, “terminal facilities and infrastructure and warehousing”, “conflict or convergence between the city and the port” and “increase in population growth rate and migration to the port - city” categorized as dependent VARIABLES. Three VARIABLES including “cultural and historical background of ports”, “use of cheaper energy, Less-polluted, clean and renewable energies in the city-port” and “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port” categorized as autonomous VARIABLES. Finally, a variable with the title of “improvement in management and information technology and development in loading, unloading and storage of commodities” have been introduced as regulatory VARIABLES. The findings of this research have a remarkable similarity with other researches carried out in the field of city-port relation and clearly emphasize the direct impact of the "investment in port-city" in the development of them. For example, Grossmann (2008) emphasized that city-port of Hamburg has become one of the largest ports in Northern Europe during the last few decades due to huge domestic and foreign investment. ConclusionThis research carried out in order to introduce and explain the key VARIABLES affecting the development of the spatial structure of the port-city of Dubai. On this basis, 21 VARIABLES have been extracted by systematic reviews of prominent articles. In the following, 25 experts were selected with the purposive sampling method. Among the 21 VARIABLES extracted, 4 VARIABLES (like as “geopolitics of port-city”) introduced as a driver factor, 5 VARIABLES (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in the port”) introduced as a linkage factor, 6 VARIABLES (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) introduced as a dependent factor, 3 VARIABLES (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port”) introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourism. A part of these revenues has been directed towards investment in important transportation infrastructures such as airports and ports of this city. These strategies have a wide impact on improving the economic growth of the city and the development of the port in order to adapt with the global trade and advanced technologies. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Introduction: Nowadays, the power of countries is measured by their creative and efficient power, so they must make the best planning for their best investments. A society that seeks to achieve sustainable development must inevitably accept the active participation of all people in society and allow them to realize the development of their community. In this regard, rural women are the most invisible contributors to the economic process of society and the family. Current changes in the economic, social and cultural spheres of the countryside, despite the positive effects that have been made to improve the living conditions in the countryside, have reduced the active role of women in the field of production, and former rural women of the former producer are turning into consumer housewives. Not only does this not only negatively affect the economy of the countryside, but virtually eliminates a massive activist from the production process and boosts national economic growth. An overview of the perspectives and views on employment, especially the employment of women, shows that the country does not have a favorable situation in terms of employment, especially women's employment. Therefore, improving the employment of rural women can be seen as the key to the success of measures taken to improve the situation of rural communities. To gain benefit from women's talents and abilities in line with making maximum use of our human resources entails accurate and scientific study of their activities. Since half of the population of transitional society's lives in rural areas, and women make up one half of rural populations; one way of achieving these human resources is to study their economic activities in various arenas. According to Census of 2006, the rural women's share in employment is about 13 percent. But the undeniable fact is that on average about 40 percent of the labor force in agricultural activities are supplied by rural women. Since women make up half of the rural population, it is possible to accelerate the social and economic development of the country by identifying the factors influencing women’ s participation and increasing their involvement according to local and regional circumstances. Focus on women specially farmer women who play an important role rural economic circle, could solve many problems in rural development in Iran. So, in this study we try to evaluate spatial model and effective causes of on these models using ESDA approaches by calculating employment location quotient of Iranian farmer women regarding county, distribution order and its spatial spread and finally evaluation of spatial relation between socioeconomic VARIABLES and calculated location quotient. Therefore some questions here come up: is there any significant spatial relation between socioeconomic VARIABLES and employment location quotient of Iranian farmer women? Dose the spatial relation between socioeconomic indexes with employment location quotient of Iranian farmer women at the level of Iranian counties? Methodology: Population and housing census of 2011 and EXCEL and GEODA data were used for analysis. First, LQ location quotient was used to determine basic actions in this sector. This method is used to identify basic labor force indifferent regions. Also, bivariate Moran was used to evaluate the relation between LQ and sociocultural VARIABLES. This test is necessary for zero hypothesis exam, the accidental spatial distribution in comparison with non-random (clustered or dispersed) distribution. This situation was studied for women literacy index, unemployment rate and rustication rate. Accordingly, the present study attempted to conduct an economic base analysis of the spatial distribution of women’ s employment in the agricultural sector via location quotient (LQ) and exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA). Data were extracted from the 2011 General Population and Housing Census. Local indicators of spatial association (LISA) and Moran's I index of global spatial autocorrelation were used for analyzing the data as variants of the ESDA approach. Moran's I indicated that the spatial distribution of women’ s employment via location quotient (LQ) in the agricultural sector was not random or sparse but clustered. Discussion: Results of local spatial autocorrelation between LQ and socioeconomic indexes suggests that the spatial relation between unemployment rate and LQ in rural regions of Iran is positive and significant; and most of Iranian rural regions follow the same relation. Based on the latter matter, LQ rises as unemployment rate increases and LQ tends toward basic employment and export of labor force. Spatial relation between literacy rate and LQ is negative and significant and follows a low-high model. So, in Iranian rural regions as literacy rate increases, LQ rises too and tends to basic employment and export of labor force. Also spatial relation between rustication rate and LQ is positive and significant and follows a low-low model. Based on this, in Iranian rural regions as rustication rate decreases, LQ is lessened and tends to non-basic employment and import of labor force. Results: The spatial distribution of economic activity via location quotient (LQ) and its relationship with social and economic indices (literacy rate, unemployment rate and pastoralism) in the rural areas of Iran via Moran's I does not follow a specific pattern. Instead, each area adopts a certain pattern of connections based on local and regional circumstances. The relations between socioeconomic indexes and LQ doesn’ t have the same model, in a way that different Iranian regions follow different spatial relations. Therefore each region needs special programs. For example despite that local autocorrelation indicates positive and significant correlation with LQ, all Iranian rural regions didn’ t follow this model, so that only southeastern and partly western counties of Iran followed a high-high model, but northwestern and some of Razavi Khorasan counties follow a low-low model; while Ardabil counties and many of Razavi Khorasan counties and northern counties of Kurdistan province follow a high-low model. Therefore, regarding the general correlation, it is impossible to give a common model for all of these regions; so a special program must be designed for each of the mentioned regions. Key word: Rural Women, Employment, Spatial Analysis, Major Economic Activities, Villages in Iran.

A survey of wastewater characteristics in Kermanshah City was conducted to evaluate the range of pollutant ratios (BOD, SS, N, and P, to COD) that can be used to assess the robustness of wastewater management systems in terms of sustainability. The method of study is descriptive and analytical. Data were collected from three districts of the city that were SOCIO-ECONOMICally different (Ellaheiah, Taavon and Kasra) and considered to be true representatives of the population. Average values of BOD5/COD (0.58, 0.55 and 0.56 mg/mg); SS/COD (0.633, 0.619, 0.636); N/COD (0.09, 0.078 and 0.076); and P/COD (0.016, 0.015 and 0.018) were obtained from the three districts of the city, Ellaheiah, Taavon and Kasra, respectively. The alkalinity of the wastewater was 2.5 times stronger than normal wastewater. The results indicate that despite seemingly different values for the parameters measured, no significant differences exist among samples from the three study districts.  Based on BOD and COD, the samples seem to range from medium to strong. BOD/COD ratios are almost satisfactory (0.5 -0.6) in the sense that more than 0.55% of carbonaceous material is biodegradable. Regarding TKN, total phosphorous concentration is in the range of medium wastewaters. Phosphorous concentration in the wastewater from Kasra was significantly higher than those from the other two districts.

High costs in the health sector have led policy-makers to implement referral systems for more cost-effective management. Considering the importance of general practitioners in the referral system, it is possible to determine the factors affecting demand for general practitioners’ visits, regulation of the role of family physicians and achievement of an effective referral system can be possible. This study is an applied, quantitative, and cross-sectional study. The statistical population of consisted of the individuals referring to general practitioners in Isfahan in 2015-2016. A sample of 425 participants were selected for this study and copies of a questionnaire was used to collect data. Considering that the response variable is quantitative discrete, a count data model was employed for the analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS-22 software. The average rate of women referring to general practitioners was 15% higher than that of men. The average number of visits of single individuals was 17% lower than that of the married ones. Household income significantly affected the demand for GPs. Health levels and the number of previous illnesses were both significant with the probability value (P-Value), 0. 0001. Considering that individuals who have worse health conditions with previous illnesses, women and married individuals have referred to general practitioners higher than other groups, it can be suggested that family physicians should provide adequate training for individuals with a high rate of referring to general practitioners to reduce their rate of referral.

Background and Purpose: Epidemiologists have always been sought to discover factors influencing populations so that they can control population growth. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship of socioeconomic and demographic factors with fertility.Methods and Materials: This deh1ive analytical study was conducted in two stages in 2003 on 1300 families in the Northwestern province of Azarbaijan-Gharbi in Iran. The study data were collected through questionnaires and interview. The relationship between woman's age marital age marital duration sexual preference number of wanted children stillbirth child death education and employment couples age difference and fertility was determined using Pearson's correlation coefficient stepwise multiple linear regression and ANCOVA in SPSS.Results: Mean age of the participants was 32.61±7.97 and mean live birth was 2.39±1.82. In the regression model child death number of wanted children sexual preference marital duration with positive coefficients and couples education with negative coefficients emerged. Fertility in marriages under 15 years (4.20±2.43) was significantly higher than other marital age groups. Fertility was higher in illiterate or low-education women. Mean wanted child in women of younger than 20 years old and women of 40-49 years of age were 2.9±0.56 and 3.37±0.84 respectively.Conclusion: As the results suggest child death sexual preference desire to bear more infants and marriage before the age of 15 are associated with higher fertility rates. Illiterate or Low-education women are more fertile than other educational groups. Mean wanted children in women of under 20 years of age is higher than the current fertility rate (2.39).

Background: Some studies have shown that Socioeconomic Status (SES) is positively related to insulin resistance among different population groups, except for pregnant women. Therefore, we examined the relationship between SES and Homeostasis Model Assessment‑ Insulin Resistance (HOMA‑ IR) index as well as mediating VARIABLES. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 138 primiparous healthy women at 6– 10 weeks of pregnancy. The association between SES and HOMA‑ IR was analyzed by regression analysis, and mediating VARIABLES were determined by mediation analysis. Results: SES score was positively correlated with HOMA‑ IR index [β = 0. 02, t101 = 2. 20, p = 0. 03, 95% CI: (0. 00– 0. 05]. The higher percentage of mediation was related to maternal weigh (70. 80%). Job activity had a protective effect on the association between SES and HOMA‑ IR (‑ 62. 50%). The total percentage of two mediators was 25%. Conclusions: The positive relationship between SES and (HOMA‑ IR) in early pregnancy may provide a way to control this condition.